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Post 1st published on : 7th January 2020.
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Post's relevant content last edited on : 11th September 2020. (1 Ayah's translation attempt improved further)
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[ Core Meaning shades ]
[ | Modified meaning shades due to context | ]
[ { Meaning shade combined with context } ]
[ (possible translation related to core meaning but not direct translation for the word) ]
/ = and or or.
: = previous statement continues to next statement.
1 (n) . The core meaning shade of وَ wa appears to be:
inclusion / ad-junction / addition / collection / gathering together / collecting together / including together / mentioning together
OR
mentioning 1 matter:
together with / included with / scoped with / along with / in parallel with
another matter or with a matter within the scope of, or linked to, the 1st matter.
In other words وَ wa is actually a particle for joining written / spoken / thought : words / verbs / statements / sentences / topics etc. Even if there is no common context, the mere fact of being spoken or written or thought of in common context is enough in some cases.)
Below are the most common translations along with a brief explanation.
[ and ] : Used in most cases. This may include, inclusion of 2nd matter with 1st matter in the same context or rule. It may include doing 1 thing and then doing another in a particular scope, or mentioning of the things done or existing or occurring in a particular scope. It may also mean including together totally irrelevant statements. This inclusion is just the inclusion by the speaker or writer in compiling his speech or text.
[ | while, along with , in parallel with | , [ and ] ] : used in cases which involve some duration or parallel execution (parallel execution is of 2 types: either the 2 matters run parallel to each other, or 1 matter runs along with or parallel to the fact that the another matter already occurred or exists or has been executed). With the 2 or more matters collected together, i.e. when 1 matter passes a duration along with another matter, or 1 matter runs parallel to the other matter or runs at the same time as the other matter or 1 matter runs along with the fact that the another matter already occurred or exists or has been executed. Such cases, give the sense of while, when, along with etc. The 2nd matter may be a secondary matter to the 1st matter i.e. within the scope of it or linked to it. The مفعول معه accompanying object , the فعل مضارع منصوب accusative imperfect verb, state / condition حال cases etc. coming after وَ wa, all can be understood better with this concept in mind.
[ | by , along with (as a : sign / evidence / witness / surety / guarantee) | ] : Used in swearing cases. By is used due to limitation of a different word in English. The inclusion of a : sign / evidence / witness / surety / guarantee : in genitive case مَجْرُور majroor by means of prefixed وَ wa:
as evidence to the veracity of the claims made in the next statement
OR to further emphasize the : certainty / seriousness / importance : of the next statement.
2 (n,p,a). What is mentioned before وَ and what is mentioned after وَ have related context / matter / issue / topic / action / ruling / relation / angle etc. Via وَ wa, the 2 related matters are included together.
Inclusion / addition / involvement / introduction : of another related matter / issue : in the written / verbal : discussion via وَ wa.
This inclusion / addition is without regard to actual order or delay. i.e. together or in order or in reverse order (i.e. in actual reality, statement is still in order, it just mentioned things out of actual sequence). There may be proximity or delay in the 2 or more things depending on context. The relevant term used in books for this shade of وَ is عطف or conjunction.
[ and ]
أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا وَإِبْرَٰهِيمَ
WE sent Nooh and Ibraaheem (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 57:26)
وَٱلَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَآ أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ وَمَآ أُنْزِلَ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ
and those who believe in what is sent down to you and what was sent down from before you (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:4)
فَأَنْجَيْنَـٰهُ وَأَصْحَـٰبَ ٱلسَّفِينَةِ
then WE Made Rescued, him and the companions of the ship. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 29:15)
(Order is same as the actual order in 1st case while the order reversed in 2nd case while action is applied in parallel in the 3rd case. Thus, the main purpose is to tell who is included in the scope and whether the details are provided in sequence or not, does not matter).
3 (f,p). Sometimes the matters included or gathered together via وَ wa are opposite.
What is mentioned before وَ and what is mentioned after وَ have related context / matter / issue / topic etc., but both are opposite or contrary. Via وَ wa, the 2 related but opposing matters are included together. The relevant term used in books for this shade of وَ is اعتراض or adversative.
[ and ]
وَاللّٰهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنْتُمْ لَاتَعْلَمُونَ
and ALLAH Knows and you(pl) don't know. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:216)
4 (n,p,a). What is mentioned before وَ and what is mentioned after وَ have different context / matter / issue / topic / action / ruling / relation / angle etc. Inclusion / addition / involvement / introduction : of a new topic or subject in the written / verbal : discussion : via وَ wa. Via وَ wa, the 2 unrelated / different matters are included together in written or spoken text / speech. If imperfect verb is used in statement coming after this وَ wa, it is usually مَرْفُوع marfoo' i.e. in indicative case, naturally since a new statement or topic has been initiated after وَ wa with no direct relation to previous statement. The relevant term used in books for this shade of وَ is استئناف or Inception / resumption / renewal.
[ and ]
فَبَآءُو بِغَضَبٍ عَلَىٰ غَضَبٍ ۚ وَلِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ عَذَابٌ مُّهِينٌ وَ إِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمْ ءَامِنُواْ بِمَآ أَنْزَلَ اللّٰهُ
...so they settled back down with wrath upon wrath and there is for the kaafiroon* a humiliating punishment. And when it is said to them, "believe in what ALLAH Has Sent Down". (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:90-91)
Kaafiroon* كَافِرُون translation attempt : Those who cover up (belief / thankfulness etc.). Those who cover up (the natural inclination to be receptive to the Qur'an and Islam). Those who cover up (the receptiveness to The Qur'an and Islam).
5 (p,a,q,n,f). What is mentioned before وَ has its or something else's حَال state / condition / situation / circumstance : explained via what is mentioned after وَ i.e.
statement 1 + wa (along with circumstance) + statement 2.
Circumstance may also include the circumstance of a matter that has already occurred or exists or has been executed.
Inclusion / addition / involvement : of additional information for preceding statement in the form of an accompanying حَال state / condition / situation / circumstance via وَ wa in the written / spoken : discussion.
Such cases usually involve some duration or parallel execution (parallel execution is of 2 types: either the 2 matters run parallel to each other, or 1 matter runs along with or parallel to the fact that the another matter already occurred or exists or has been executed). The 2 or more matters are collected together, i.e. when 1 matter passes a duration along with another matter, or 1 matter runs parallel to the other matter or runs at the same time (simultaneously) as the other matter or 1 matter runs along with the fact that the another matter already occurred or exists or has been executed. The relevant term used in books for this shade of وَ is حالية or Circumstantial.
[ [ and ] , | while | , (when, whereas) ]
وَ تَحْسَبُهُمْ أَيْقَاظًا وَهُمْ رُقُودٌ
and you would reckon them awake while they were asleep. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 18:18)
وَمَاتُواْ وَهُمْ كَـٰفِرُونَ
and they died while they were kaafiroon. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 9:125)
ۖ قَالَ رَبِّ أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ وَقَدْ بَلَغَنِىَ ٱلْكِبَرُ وَٱمْرَأَتِى عَاقِرٌ
He said, "My Maintaining-Lord, from what way can there be for me a boy while big age has already reached me and my woman is barren". (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 3:40)
جَآءَ زَيْدٌ وَقَدْ طَلَعَتِ ٱلشَّمْسُ
Zaid came while the sun had already risen. (Translation attempt for an example involving something else's circumstance)
6 (n,p). What is mentioned before وَ has an accompanying object i.e maf'ool مَفْعُول in accusative case i.e. mansoob مَنْصُوب mentioned after وَ wa. There is no certain example for usage of this type in The Qur'an.
Inclusion / addition / involvement : of additional information for preceding statement in the form of an accompanying object in accusative case via وَ wa. The relevant term used in books for this shade of وَ is مفعول معه or accompanying object.
[ | along with | ]
سِرْتُ وَٱلنَّهْرَ
I walked along with the river. (Translation attempt for an example.)
7 (n,p). What is mentioned before وَ has an accompanying mansoob مَنْصُوب imperfect verb mentioned after وَ wa.
Inclusion / addition / involvement : of an accompanying or parallel action or verb via وَ. The relevant term used in إعراب القرآن i'rab ul Qur'an books for this shade of وَ is معية and in English we may say accompanying.
[ | while , along with , in parallel with | ]
أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَنْ تَدْخُلُواْ ٱلْجَنَّةَ وَلَمَّا يَعْلَمِ اللّٰهُ ٱلَّذِينَ جَـٰهَدُواْ مِنْكُمْ وَيَعْلَمَ ٱلصَّـٰبِرِينَ
Or is it that you(pl) have reckoned that you(pl) will enter The Garden while ALLAH has not yet Flagged* the ones from you who did Jihaad* while Flagging* the Saabiroon*.
OR
Or is it that you(pl) have reckoned that you(pl) will enter The Garden while ALLAH has not made obvious the ones from you who did Jihaad* while Making obvious the Saabiroon*.
OR
Or is it that you(pl) have reckoned that you(pl) will enter The Garden while ALLAH has not made known the ones from you who did Jihaad* while Making known the Saabiroon*.
(Translation attempts for words from The Qur'an 3:142)
Jihaad جِهَاد translation attempt : Making efforts & striving to expend one's available ability / capability / aptitude / means / energy / potential / capacity to any length required for advancing the chosen cause and for tackling and striving against all the obstacles and resistance and opposing causes that hinder the advancement of this chosen cause.
Saabiroon صَابِرُون translation attempt : Those who manifest a tranquil / calm / composed / grounded / patient / steadfast : state, free from : worry / grief / sorrow / regret / agitation / uneasiness / complaining etc. in the face of what befalls them or has befallen them.
flag : mark (an item) for attention or treatment in a specified way.
flag* (modified) : mark (an item) for attention or treatment in a specified way after practically putting it to the test, regardless of foreknowledge of it.
Note: Translation requires not only keeping meaning of word in view, but also context in which that word is used, and the being to whom that word is used in reference with.
لَا تَأْكُلِ ٱلسَّمَكَ وَتَشْرَبَ ٱللَّبَنَ
Don't eat fish in parallel with / along with / while drinking milk. (Translation attempt for an example.)
8 (n,p,s). What is mentioned in genitive case, i.e. majroor مَجْرُور case after وَ is included in a form of swearing by means of وَ wa, for the statement coming after this majroor مَجْرُور word.
The inclusion : of a sign / evidence / witness / surety / guarantee in genitive case مَجْرُور majroor by means of prefixed وَ wa:
as evidence to the veracity of the claims made in the next statement
OR to further emphasize the : certainty / seriousness / importance : of the next statement.
The relevant term used in books for this shade of وَ is قَسَم or oath. This وَ wa is not used with pronouns, nor used with the verb of swearing.
[ | by , along with (as a : sign / evidence / witness / surety / guarantee) | ]
نٓ ۚ وَٱلْقَلَمِ وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ
Nuun. By the pen and what they inscribe line by line.
OR
Nuun. Along with (as a sign or surety or witness) the pen and what they inscribe line by line. (Translation attempts for words from The Qur'an 68:1)
9 (n). Some assert that وَ wa is also sometimes used in the meaning shade of فَ fa, but it is actually used in its original meaning shade and the mere fact that the things done are included together in sequence or order or just because فَ fa is usually used more often in such cases, does not mean that by saying or writing وَ wa, the speaker or writer actually meant فَ instead of وَ wa.
[ and ]
Below simple examples are provided to compare the 2.
جَآءَ زَيْدٌ وَقَامَ وَجَلَسَ وَأَكَلَ
Translation attempt: Zaid came and he stood and he sat and he ate. (In this example focus is on what things were done by Zaid, i.e. he did this and that and that.)
جَآءَ زَيْدٌ فَقَامَ فَجَلَسَ فَأَكَلَ
Translation attempt: Zaid came and then he stood and then he sat and then he ate.(In this example focus is on the sequence in which the things were done by Zaid, i.e. he did this and then that and then that.)
10 (n,a). Some assert that وَ wa is also sometimes used in the meaning shade of أَوْ aw, but it is actually used in its original meaning shade. In languages, there are multiple ways of conveying the same information and various ways have different focus. Speaker doesn't usually choose 1 word over another without any reason. e.g. in English, we can say "you can drive car 1 and car 2 and car 3" and we can also say "you can drive car 1 or car 2 or car 3". In the 1st "and" case, focus is on which cars are included in the group of allowed cars for the driver. In the 2nd "or" case, focus is on the choice of the driver.
[ and ]
وَمَن يَّكْفُرْ بِٱللّٰهِ وَمَلَـٰٓئِكَتِهِۦ وَكُتُبِهِۦ وَرُسُلِهِۦ وَٱلْيَوْمِ ٱلْآخِرِ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلَـٰلَۢا بَعِيدًا
and whoever covers up (receptiveness to) belief in ALLAH and the Angels and the Books and the Messengers and the Last Day, then he has already erred a far off error. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 4:136)
وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُواْ فِى ٱلْيَتَـٰمَىٰ فَٱنْكِحُواْ مَا طَابَ لَكُم مِّنَ ٱلنِّسَآءِ مَثْنَىٰ وَثُلَـٰثَ وَرُبَـٰعَ
and if you(pl) fear that you will not be just in (the matter of) the orphans, then you(pl) marry what suited to you of the women, in twos and in threes and in fours. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 4:3)
11 (q). Wa وَ is also used in numbers : 21 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 49, 51 to 59, 61 to 69, 71 to 79, 81 to 89, 91 to 99.
[ [ and , " " ] , | along with | ]
تِسْعٌ وَتِسْعُونَ نَعْجَةً
9 and 90 a ewe. 9 and 90 ewes. 99 ewes. (Translation attempts for words from The Qur'an 38:23)
ewe = a female sheep. Also, a is written before ewe and not an due to pronunciation in English.
12 (n,h,p). The wa وَ is also used after interrogative أَ i.e أَوَ awa. Apparently, wa وَ in such cases is usually used in the meaning shade of moreover / also / furthermore etc., i.e. including the next statement to interrogative via وَ i.e. is it moreover / also / furthermore.
Is it this and this. Is it ... and this. Is it moreover this.
[ [ and ] , | moreover , also , furthermore | ]
أَوَلَا يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعْلِنُونَ
Do they moreover not know that indeed ALLAH Knows what they keep secret and what they disclose. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:77).
Alternate opinions are that it is originally وَأَ and then both are transposed to become أَوَ awa to give notice of thoroughness of priority of أَ a. Perhaps, we may understand this opinion by considering that in English, a question mark is used at the end for the entire statement. Similarly, here perhaps أَ a may have been put at the beginning for the entire statement including وَ wa. In such cases وَ wa can be translated as and and translation of أَ can follow afterwards i.e. "and is it" etc. Another opinion is that both أَ and وَ wa are in their original positions and the statement directly coming after أَ is suppressed. Books in English have usually translated the أَ in such cases as "what?". This is followed by وَ wa which can be translated as and. My view is closer to the 2nd view, the difference is, I translate أَ differently and I don't believe anything is suppressed, rather this is just a style of omitting and not mentioning any statement directly after أَ and instead including a statement after it via وَ wa.
أَوَلَا يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعْلِنُونَ
Do they moreover not know that indeed ALLAH Knows what they keep secret and what they disclose. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:77). (My view which I prefer over below alternate opinions)
أَوَلَا يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعْلِنُونَ
and do they not know that indeed ALLAH Knows what they keep secret and what they disclose. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:77). (based on alternate opinion 1)
أَوَلَا يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ اللّٰهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعْلِنُونَ
What? and do they not know that indeed ALLAH Knows what they keep secret and what they disclose. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:77).(based on alternate opinion 2)
13 (n,a). The wa وَ is also used before laow لَوْ i.e وَلَوْ walaow. Can be translated in English as "and" in most cases, depending on context and "including (the case)" or "even" in some cases depending on context. In "even" cases, 1 matter is there, or is done or is to be done even if some other matter is there or is done or is being done or is possible.
[ [ and ] , | including (the case) , even | ]
وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللّٰهِ ٱلنَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَّفَسَدَتِ ٱلْأَرْضُ
And had it not been ALLAH's repelling of the humans, some of them by means of some, definitely the earth would have been corrupted. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:251).
ۗ وَلَا تَنْكِحُواْ ٱلْمُشْرِكَـٰتِ حَتَّىٰ يُؤْمِنَّ ۚ وَلَأمَةٌ مُّؤْمِنَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِّن مُّشْرِكَةٍ وَلَوْ أَعْجَبَتْكُم
And do not marry the associators(fem) till they(fem) believe. And definitely a believer(fem) she-slave is better than an associator(fem) even if she amazes you(pl).
And do not marry the associators(fem) till they(fem) believe. And definitely a believer(fem) she-slave is better than an associator(fem) including (the case) if she amazes you(pl). (Translation attempts for words from The Qur'an 2:221).
14 (n,p). The wa وَ is also used before laakin لـٰكِنْ i.e وَلـٰكِنْ walaakin. In such cases وَ wa is usually not translated in English and its role seems to be, to simply add / include / mention the statement starting with لـٰكِنْ laakin with the previous statement.
[ " " , and ]
إِنَّهُمْ هُمُ ٱلْمُفْسِدُونَ وَلَـٰكِن لَّا يَشْعُرُونَ
...Indeed them, they are the corruptors, but they don't perceive. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 2:12).
15 (n,a). The wa وَ is also used after illaa إِلَّا i.e إِلَّا وَ illaa wa. Usually, in such cases it is in the meaning shade of while.
[ | while | ]
وَمَا يُؤْمِنُ أَكْثَرُهُمْ بِاللّٰهِ إِلَّا وَهُم مُّشْرِكُونَ
And most of them do not believe in ALLAH, except while they are associators. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 12:106).
16 (n,p). When wa وَ is used before the 2nd إِمَّا immaa, the wa وَ in this case gathers together the mutually exclusive cases and options both staring with إِمَّا immaa, only 1 of which may be true or valid. The easy way chosen mostly is to translate وَإِمَّا wa immaa together as "or" since in English it is very difficult to use "and" for mutually exclusive cases, with the current English translations of "either" and "whether" being used for إِمَّا immaa. More research is required to further verify the meaning shades of إِمَّا immaa, but for now, based on a quick research, 2 meaning shades are being provided. In cases where 1 immaa إِمَّا is used, in such cases we may translate it as "in case (if it is the case (that) / if the case be (that))" and in cases where 2nd إِمَّا imma comes with وَ wa, in such cases it may be transtaled as "it may be (that) / it can be (that) / it may be the case (that) / it can be the case (that) / whether" etc. In google, by searching "whether meaning" or "define whether" 1 of the meanings given for whether is "indicating that a statement applies whichever of the alternatives mentioned is the case."
[ [ and ] , { or } ]
وَإِمَّا يُنْسِيَنَّكَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنُ
...and in case shaytaan ensures to make you forget. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 6:68).
قَالُواْ يَـٰمُوسَىٰٓ إِمَّآ أَن تُلْقِىَ وَإِمَّآ أَن نَّكُونَ نَحْنُ ٱلْمُلْقِينَ
They said,"O Moosaa, it can be that you throw and it can be that us, we be the throwers". (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 7:115).
17 (n,p,a). According to some, wa وَ is also sometimes زَائِدَة or redundant. I don't agree with this view, since none of the examples presented in books prove this asserted redundancy and wa وَ can be easily understood in these examples, using the meaning shades already discussed.
Let's analyse the concept of redundancy using English. Suppose, if I say, "I wrote post 1 and post 2 and post 3", then you cannot claim that 1st "and" in my statement is redundant and is added for no good reason and with no meaning, just because the common way is to say "I wrote post 1, post 2 and post 3". You cannot claim this just because of grammar rules (based on common usage) which are made after languages are made and practiced. Exceptions and rare variation of styles exist in languages and grammar rules usually don't go into such exceptions.
[ and ]
فَلَمَّآ أَسْلَمَا وَتَلَّهُۥ لِلْجَبِينِ وَنَـٰدَيْنَـٰهُ أَن يَّــٰٓإِبْرَٰهِيمُ
Then when they(2) surrendered and he laid him down to (/ by) the forehead's side and WE Called out to him that "O Ibraaheem! ..." (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 37:103-104).
By translating وَ wa, all 3 parts are included together in context instead of isolating 1 part and only including 2 parts. Some assert that either 1st or 2nd wa وَ is redundant. So let's see the translation attempts with these 2 assertions.
Then when they(2) surrendered, he laid him down to (/ by) the forehead's side and WE Called out to him that "O Ibraaheem! ..." (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 37:103-104). This isolates the 1st part (their surrendering) and only includes together the 2nd and 3rd parts.
Then when they(2) surrendered and he laid him down to (/ by) the forehead's side, WE Called out to him that "O Ibraaheem! ..." (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 37:103-104). This isolates the 3rd part (ALLAH's Calling out to Ibraaheem (peace be upon him)) and only includes together the 1st and 2nd parts.
18 (n,p,a). According to some wa وَ is also used when adding the 8th member to a group of 7 members gathered without وَ and also to mention the 8th member in the discussion. The assertion is that Arabs count like this, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8. i.e. before the 8th they add a وَ wa. Such usage can usually be covered under conjunctive "and" or circumstantial "while" or accompaniment "along with" depending on context.
These 7 and this 8th. These 7 while this 8th etc. These 7 along with this 8th.
The Problem arises, when it is asserted that just because of this assumption, the sole purpose of this وَ is inclusion of the 8th and thus according to this view وَ wa is left untranslated. I don't agree with this view, since I believe وَ wa should be translated accordingly depending on context.
[ [ and ] , | while , along with | ]
سَيَقُولُونَ ثَلَـٰثَةٌ رَّابِعُهُمْ كَلْبُهُمْ وَيَقُولُونَ خَمْسَةٌ سَادِسُهُمْ كَلْبُهُمْ رَجْمَۢا بِٱلْغَيْبِ ۖ وَيَقُولُونَ سَبْعَةٌ وَثَامِنُهُمْ كَلْبُهُمْ
It will be that they will say, "3, their 4th is their dog" and they will say, "5, their 6th is their dog", attempting to hit the mark in the unseen, and they will say, "7 and their 8th is their dog"...
It will be that they will say, "3, their 4th is their dog" and they will say, "5, their 6th is their dog", attempting to hit the mark in the unseen, and they will say, "7 while their 8th is their dog"...(Translation attempts for words from The Qur'an 18:22).
To study this particle further in many other books read the related pages in
Arabic Particles Tool . Also to see other posts in Arabic Particles Meanings series.
References: When multiple references mentioned for a point, it means material selected from all quoted references more from some and less from others and all quoted references do not necessarily agree on everything. Material is not exactly copied but based on the reference quoted and I have made additions, editions & changes where required :
w = Wright Arabic Grammar English
h = Howell Arabic Grammar English
l = Lane's Lexicon
n = New indication by me
a = Arabic Almanac and Mawrid Reader books
p = Arabic Particles Tool books
p2 = Ma'ani un Nahw (AP Tool 2) .
m = Sharh of Miatu Amil .
f = Fischer Arabic Grammar (its PDF can be downloaded from the link).
q = Qawaid Zaban e Qur'an Urdu .
s = A Study of Qur'anic Oaths .
Arabic has been typed using the free and detailed Arabic keyboard, latest live version of which is available at:
Online Arabic Keyboard to Type Arabic Directly using English Keyboard with 7 Arabic Web Fonts .
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Started on = 19th December 2019 .
1st published on = 7th January 2020.
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بَلۡ بَلَىٰ كَ إِنۡ أَنۡ سَ سَوۡفَ أَ هَلۡ إِذۡ إِذَا إِذًا أَنَّىٰ لَـٰكِنۡ لَـٰكِنَّ