Thursday, April 16, 2020

Arabic Particles: Learn Arabic Particles ثُمَّ thumma and ثَمَّ thamma

Learn Arabic Particles ثُمَّ thumma and ثَمَّ thamma meaning shades and usage.

See Arabic Particles Meanings series to learn Arabic particles and related words' meanings.
Also see Arabic Particles Quick Study Tool.

Post 1st published on : 16th April 2020
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Post's relevant content last edited on : 16th April 2020.

All the credit and all the praises and all the thanks for whatever is good and beneficial in this post and all the other posts, tools, and projects are just for ALLAH, and whatever shortcoming or mistake there is in any of these is due to me, an ordinary slave of ALLAH! and I seek ALLAH's forgiveness and pardon for any shortcomings and mistakes in any of these.

[ Core Meaning shades ]
[ | Modified meaning shades due to context | ]
[ { Meaning shade combined with context } ]
[ (possible translation related to core meaning but not direct translation for the word) ]
/ = and or or.
: = previous statement continues to next statement.

0 (l,r,a,n). Introduction and Core Meaning shades

i. Apparently, the base letters in ثُمَّ are ث م م

ii. Let's explore some related words.
ثَمَّهُ translation attempt: he : developed / progressed / improved / took : it further or he collected / added : further progress / improvement / development with existing progress / improvement / development. Some English dictionaries confuse and add meanings of repair / rectification etc. which can be meanings of رَمَّهُ and when ثَمَّهُ وَرَمَّهُ is said, it may have caused this confusion of mixing up of the meaning shades. e.g. when we say ثَمَّهُ for a house: he developed / progressed / improved / took it further (by filling up its interstices, or by putting a roof of dry herbage over the built walls and frames, or by putting accessories and tools in it etc.). When we say ثَمَّهُ for a vessel of milk: he collected / added : further progress / improvement / development (i.e. spread over it a ثُمَام or skin of milk and put it above it, in order that the sun might not strike it, and its milk become consequently decomposed, or curdled) with existing progress / improvement / development (i.e. collecting and putting the milk in the vessel). And ثَمَّهُ he stuffed it (e.g. by progressing / furthering the process of collecting and stuffing the stuff to be stuffed).
ثُمّ translation attempt: as taken from Lane's Lexicon: household-goods, or furniture and utensils, and their water-skins, or milk-skins, and vessels. The means by which a house, or tent, is put into a good state. (My interpretation i.e. these things are collected to a house for developing / progressing / improving it further).

iii. The core meaning shade of the particle ثُمَّ appears to be:
a connector for:
progression
or
furtherness (i.e. being further with reference to some matter or thing etc.)
or
collecting / gathering : further progress with existing progress
or
further : development / progress / buildup / completion :
in a matter
or towards the logical conclusion of a matter depending on context / situation / history / future plan / requirement : etc.
or
further : development / progress / buildup / completion :
in a written or spoken speech, in which, what the speaker or writer is saying in a particular context or situation or on a set of related matters is developed / progressed / built / completed : further via usage of ثُمَّ and in this case the spoken or written speech is progressing further and may even mention matters out of actual sequence or order, as the speech is progressing further towards its conclusion and a matter that occurred later may be mentioned before a matter that occurred earlier to make progression in speech in the intended manner and for the intended effect on the addressee.

Here we may consider for better understanding the concept of developing story in news channels, in which there are further developments in a story. The story may not progress in a 1 sided direction and subsequent progress may even be against the preceding step, but still, in the matter being discussed in the story, progress and development is being made since this matter is progressing further towards its conclusion.

In English, the word further and its various combinations seem most appropriate. So let's explore further of English:
Further: relevant meaning shades in English :
Used to introduce a new point relating to or reinforcing a previous statement.
Additional to what already exists or has already taken place, been done, or been accounted for.
At or to a more advanced, successful, or desirable stage.
Help the progress or development of (something); promote.
At, to, or by a greater distance (used to indicate the extent to which one thing or person is or becomes distant from another)
Over a greater expanse of space or time; for a longer way.
More distant in space than something else of the same kind.
Beyond the point already reached or the distance already covered.

AI2 notes: Further can also be understood in the literal sense, that what is mentioned after it is further from what is mentioned before it , i.e. 1st the preceding statement comes and then further to it, this next statement comes.
Or 1st, what is mentioned in the preceding statement occurrs and then further to it, in space or time or physically or in state or condition or progression or application etc., what is mentioned in the following statement occurrs.
or 1st matter exists or occurrs and further to it in distance or time or compatibility or consistency, a 2nd matter exists or occurrs.
Another application of usage of the word further is that there is no limit to further, i.e. further can be the very next thing or step or progression or it may even be a very distant thing or step or progression since whether it is close or far, it is still further from what is mentioned before it. It may even be the same thing heaped further together, e.g. woe!, further woe!

Similarly, further to that is also a very good choice in many cases, it can be used when something is further from something else, when something is mentioned further to what is already mentioned, when something comes further after something else, i.e. in English also, it conveys the different meanings depending on context. We may also use further from that and further on that for even better translation in some cases, depending on context.

[ [ further , and further , further to that , and further to that , further on , and further on , further on that , and further on that , further from that , and further from that , onward , and onward ] , ( furthermore , progressing further , advancing further , proceeding further , afterward , later on ) ]
Different translations from above may be used depending on context, whether this progression is physical, conceptual, in place, in time, state, condition, statement, or matter etc.

Below are some example cases of its usage:

1 (p,n). The Arabic particle ثُمَّ is used when the speaker or writer mentions a matter before ثُمَّ and then mentions a matter further on after ثُمَّ which is away from or different from the preceding matter physically or in distance or in time or in rank or in degree or in conformability or in compatibility, but by gathering these distant or different matters together, the speaker or writer conveys what he wants to convey. Either he may want to convey both matters together at the same time without any intention to link them up for a common effect on the addressee, or he may want the addressee to consider preceding matter also when he considers that matter coming after ثُمَّ or the matter coming after ثُمَّ also when he considers the preceding matter, or he may want the addressee to consider both the matters together etc. In various examples, the 1st matter is mentioned and shows that the 2nd matter has occurred despite that, i.e. based on the 1st matter, the 2nd matter shouldn't have been such and should have been more consistent with the 1st matter, but despite that after occurrence of the 1st matter, further on something happens which is not compatible with the 1st matter and distant or different from it. The relevant term used in books for this role of ثُمَّ is استبعاد or seeking remoteness / distance and some books also mention تفاوت or disparity / disharmony / lack of conformability or compatibility etc.

[ further , further to that , further from that , further on ]

اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ وَجَعَلَ ٱلظُّلُمَـٰتِ وَٱلنُّورَ ۖ ثُمَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ
The Thankful Praise is for ALLAH Who Created the heavens and the earth and Made the darkenesses and the light, further from that those who did kufr* with their Maintaining-Lord they equate. (Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 6:1)

kufr كُفْر translation attempt : Covering up (belief / thankfulness etc.). Covering up (the natural inclination to be receptive to the Qur'an and Islam). Covering up (the receptiveness to The Qur'an and Islam).

2 (n). The Arabic particle ثُمَّ is used to indicate progression or further development on a matter, in which the statement preceding ثُمَّ indicates a part of a matter, and the statement coming after ثُمَّ indicates a related further progress on or related to the same matter.

[ further , further on , and further on , further to that , and further to that , onward , and onward ]

ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ بِاللّٰهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَرْتَابُواْ
... those who believed in ALLAH and His messenger and further on they definitely did not doubt... (Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 49:15)


3 (p,n). The Arabic particle ثُمَّ is used when the speaker or writer mentions a matter before ثُمَّ and then mentions something else on or related to the same matter, or mentions a related or unrelated matter further on after ثُمَّ in sequence or ordered arrangement of mention i.e mentioning 1 matter and then mentioning more on it or mentioning another matter via ثُمَّ and so on, and it is not necessary that the matter mentioned further on is actually further on in reality also, as it is further on in mention by the speaker or writer, i.e. it may be further in reality, before in reality or parallel in reality (e.g. both may be established facts mentioned by the speaker etc.). The relevant term used in books for this role of ثُمَّ is ترتيب ذكري or sequence / ordered arrangement : of mention.

[ further , and further , further to that , further on that ]

فَإِلَيْنَا مَرجِعُهُمْ ثُمَّ اللّٰهُ شَهِيدٌ عَلَىٰ مَا يَفْعَلُونَ
... and then to Us is their returning, further ALLAH is Ever Witnessing over what they are doing ...
... and then to Us is their returning, further to that ALLAH is Ever Witnessing over what they are doing ...
(Translation attempts for Words from The Qur'an 10:46)

خَلَقَكُم مِّن نَّفْسٍ وَّٰحِدَةٍ ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا
He Created you(pl) from a single self, further He Made from it its partner...
He Created you(pl) from a single self, further to that He Made from it its partner...
(Translation attempts for Words from The Qur'an 39:6)


4 (n). Sometimes ثُمَّ is used after interrogative أَ i.e أَثُمَّ for asking a further question following a previous question related to a common matter, or furthering the previous statement with a further question, or asking a question regarding something that is further in time or distance etc. from the current context etc.

[ further , further on , further to that ]

ۚ أَثُمَّ إِذَا مَا وَقَعَ ءَامَنْتُمْ بِهِۦ
Is it further when, that it has befallen, you believed in it? ...
Is it further on when, that it has befallen, you believed in it? ...
(Translation attempts for Words from The Qur'an 10:51)


5 (p,n). Sometimes ثُمَّ is used to further emphasize or strengthen or build a statement coming before ثُمَّ by repeating the same or a similar or related statement after ثُمَّ
[ [ further , further on that ] , (again) ]

فَقُتِلَ كَيْفَ قَدَّرَ ۝ ثُمَّ قُتِلَ كَيْفَ قَدَّرَ ۝
So he be killed! how he determined!, further he be killed! how he determined!
So he be killed! how he determined!, further on that he be killed! how he determined!
(Translation attempts for Words from The Qur'an 74:19-20)

Now, let's briefly also discuss ثَمَّ used 4 times in The Qur'an.
0 (r,a,l,n). The core meaning shade of ثَمَّ appears to be:

A container / receptacle / place : where / in which / at which : the referred to matter or action or role etc. mentioned before ثَمَّ progresses / proceeds : further. In various cases, further details are mentioned related to the preceding matter after ثَمَّ that also take place at that same place.
Or
We may also say that it is an adverb for indicating the presence / existence / progression : of a : thing / matter / action at a specific place. The adding up or collecting together of the indicated thing / matter / action in the indicated place and progression of it there.
Or
Another usual feature of this place is that this place is usually further off or further away or out of the current range in : time / place : from the : addressee or speaker. A place other than that of the : speaker or addressee (i.e. out of range, so, close (here, in the visible range) or far (there, but within the visible range) are irrelevant).

[ there , thereat (at that place) , therein (in that place) ]

وَأَزْلَفْنَا ثَمَّ ٱلْآخَرِينَ
and we made accessible thereat the others. (Translation attempt for Words from the Qur'an 26:64)

Note: The word accessible has been chosen, seeing the other 3 occurrences of this form IV verb in The Qur'an where Paradise is made accessible. Near is not chosen since it is not from its core meaning shade as per the quick initial analysis by me, and at 1 place i.e. 50:31 it is mentioned along with غَيْرَ بَعِيدٍ i.e. if its meaning was near, then apparently there would be no need to mention غَيْرَ بَعِيدٍ with it. It may be the case that they were made accessible at the place to get destroyed by the water. And ALLAH Knows the exact truth!


To study these particles further in many other books read the related pages in
Arabic Particles Tool . Also to see other posts in Arabic Particles Meanings series.

References: When multiple references mentioned for a point, it means material selected from all quoted references more from some and less from others and all quoted references do not necessarily agree on everything. Material is not exactly copied but based on the reference quoted and I have made additions, editions & changes where required :
r = Qur'an Root Linker Tool books, specially TQ and then MI
w = Wright Arabic Grammar English
h = Howell Arabic Grammar English
l = Lane's Lexicon
n = New indication by me
a = Arabic Almanac and Mawrid Reader books
p = Arabic Particles Tool books, specially AQ and HR
p2 = Ma'ani un Nahw (AP Tool 2) .
m = Sharh of Miatu Amil .
f =  Fischer Arabic Grammar (its PDF can be downloaded from the link).
q = Qawaid Zaban e Qur'an Urdu .

Arabic has been typed using the free and detailed Arabic keyboard, latest live version of which is available at:
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Tuesday, April 07, 2020

Arabic Particles: Learn Arabic Particle حَتَّىٰ Hattaa meaning shades and usage

Learn Arabic Particle حَتَّىٰ meaning shades and usage.
learn arabic particle hattaa

See Arabic Particles Meanings series to learn Arabic particles and related words' meanings.
Also see Arabic Particles Quick Study Tool.

Post 1st published on : 7th April 2020.
Click below box to toggle between post's dark, light and white modes.
         

Post's relevant content last edited on : 7th April 2020.

All the credit and all the praises and all the thanks for whatever is good and beneficial in this post and all the other posts, tools, and projects are just for ALLAH, and whatever shortcoming or mistake there is in any of these is due to me, an ordinary slave of ALLAH! and I seek ALLAH's forgiveness and pardon for any shortcomings and mistakes in any of these.

[ Core Meaning shades ]
[ | Modified meaning shades due to context | ]
[ { Meaning shade combined with context } ]
[ (possible translation related to core meaning but not direct translation for the word) ]
/ = and or or.
: = previous statement continues to next statement.

0 (l,s2,p,n). Introduction and Core Meaning shades
i: Apparently to me, and also as per the opinion of some scholars, the base letters in حَتَّىٰ are ح ت ت and its pattern is فَعْلَىٰ . This word is then used as a particle with following مَجْرُور or genitive noun. Also, when an imperfect verb follows it, in all the cases in The Qur'an, it is فعل مضارع منصوب or subjunctive imperfect verb.

ii. Lets explore some related words:
اَلْحَتّ The ceasing from a thing, having finished it, or the becoming unoccupied by a thing. The uprooting, removing or arriving to the end, i.e., to the end of the matter.
The verb حَتَّ means "he scraped (it), or rubbed (it) off (e.g. something dry e.g. dried mud, from a garment)" and حَتَّهُ عَنِ ٱلْشَيْءِ he repelled him, drove him back, or turned him back from the thing. Another meaning mentioned in lexicons is quickness, hastily doing (and thus getting it done with, completed, becoming free from it as a result).

iii. The core meaning shade of حَتَّىٰ appears to be to the point of or to the extent of and in English if a single word is to be used, we may use until or till in many cases.

حَتَّىٰ indicates continuation of the matter mentioned before it till what is mentioned after حَتَّىٰ is reached or occurrs, regardless of whether the preceding matter actually reaches its end or stops at this point, or not, depending on the context.

The 2 related use cases of حَتَّىٰ are:
Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ till what is mentioned after حَتَّىٰ occurrs or is reached, whether it is part of what precedes it, or member of what precedes it, or is in contact with what precedes it, or is not even directly linked to what precedes it etc. This usually marks the end of what precedes (i.e. comes before) حَتَّىٰ . In this type حَتَّىٰ can be followed by a noun, or a verb or a statement.

[ until , till , to the point of , to the extent of , to the point , to the extent , till the point of , till the extent of , till the point , till the extent , as far as ]

Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ to such an extent or to such a point, that what is mentioned after حَتَّىٰ also occurrs or is also reached. This is usually related to and because of the continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ . Unlike the 1st meaning shade, here, usually it does not mark the end of what precedes حَتَّىٰ but just marks the advancement of it to a significant extent or point. What comes after حَتَّىٰ may indicate the point or extent to which what comes before حَتَّىٰ has reached or it may indicate something else that is reached or occurrs due to reaching of what comes before حَتَّىٰ to a significant extent. In this type حَتَّىٰ is usually followed by a statement.

[ until , till , to the point of , to the extent of , to the point , to the extent , till the point of , till the extent of , till the point , till the extent , as far as ]

When حَتَّىٰ is followed by a noun, the noun is in genitive case or مجرور and when it is followed by an imperfect verb, it is always as per usage in The Qur'an, subjunctive or منصوب while some grammar books also mention some examples of مرفوع or indicative, but no example can be found from the Qur'an for it. This subjunctive verb is not independent and is dependent on حَتَّىٰ and the preceding statement, i.e. is mentioned with reference to them, based on them, and in their context (i.e. continuation of what precedes حَتَّىٰ as the background or base for occurrence of this subjunctive verb).


1 (p,n). Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ till the genitive noun or الاسم المجرور mentioned after it is reached, on reaching which it is discontinued.

This noun can be a place, a location, a part, a member, a time, a noun of place, a noun of time, or a noun of action etc.

i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by the noun at which this matter ends.

[ till , until , to the point of , to the extent of , till the point of , till the extent of ]

In The Qur'an, for this usage, only حَيْن has been used 6 times, and مَطْلَعُ ٱلْفَجْرِ has been used 1 time after حَتَّىٰ

سَلَـٰمٌ هِىَ حَتَّىٰ مَطْلَعِ ٱلْفَجْرِ
Peace it is until the emergence of the daybreak. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 97:5)

لَيَسْجُنُنَّهُۥ حَتَّىٰ حِينٍ
...definitely they will ensure to make him imprisoned until a time. (Translation attempt for words from The Qur'an 12:35)


2 (p,n). Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ till the action indicated by the subjunctive verb or فعل مضارع منصوب and its following words mentioned after it, occurrs, on the occurrence of which, what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ is discontinued.

i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by the subjunctive verb فعل مضارع منصوب at which this matter ends.

[ till , until , to the point of , to the extent of , till the point of , till the extent of]

ۚ وَلَا تَنْكِحُواْ ٱلْمُشْرِكَـٰتِ حَتَّىٰ يُؤْمِنَّ
and don't marry the associators(fem) until they believe ...(Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 2:221)


3 (p,n). Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ to such an extent or to such a point that the action indicated by the subjunctive verb or فعل مضارع منصوب and its following words mentioned after it, occurrs, on the occurrence of which, what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ may still continue, as this action just marks reaching of a certain point or extent of what precedes حَتَّىٰ hattaa, that this action also occurrs.

i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by the subjunctive verb فعل مضارع منصوب at which the matter reaches a certain point or extent.

[ till , until , to the point of , to the extent of , till the point of , till the extent of]

وَزُلْزِلُواْ حَتَّىٰ يَقُولَ ٱلرَّسُولُ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ مَعَهُۥ مَتَىٰ نَصْرُ اللّٰهِ
... and they were shaken to the point of the messenger and those together with him saying when is ALLAH's Help?
... and they were shaken to the extent of the messenger and those together with him saying when is ALLAH's Help?
(Translation attempts for Words from The Qur'an 2:214)


4 (p,n). Stating that the matter mentioned before حَتَّىٰ continued till the action indicated by the perfect verb or فعل ماضي and its following words mentioned after it, occurred, on the occurrence of which, what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ was discontinued.

i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by the perfect verb فعل ماضي at which the matter ended.

[ till , until , to the point , to the extent , till the point , till the extent ]

أَلْهَىٰكُمُ ٱلتَّكَاثُرُ ۝ حَتَّىٰ زُرْتُمُ ٱلْمَقَابِرَ ۝
The competition for abundance distracted you until you unexpectingly ended up in the graves. (Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 102:1-2)


5 (p,n). Stating that the matter mentioned before حَتَّىٰ continued till the action indicated by the perfect verb or فعل ماضي and its following words mentioned after it, occurred, on the occurrence of which, what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ could still continue, as it was not something that stopped the preceding matter, or it was just a point or extent or stage of the preceding matter which didn't mark its end. This can just be a significant stage or point or extent for what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ as in below example from The Qur'an, or it can be another action that occurred on reaching a point or extent of the matter mentioned before حَتَّىٰ

i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by the perfect verb فعل ماضي at which the matter reached a certain extent or point.

[ till , until , to the point , to the extent , till the point , till the extent ]

وَٱلْقَمَرَ قَدَّرْنَـٰهُ مَنَازِلَ حَتَّىٰ عَادَ كَٱلْعُرْجُونِ ٱلْقَدِيمِ
and the moon(object), We Determined of it stages to the point it returned like the old عُرْجُون urjoon*.
and the moon(object), We Determined of it stages to the extent it returned like the old عُرْجُون urjoon*.
(Translation attempts for Words from The Qur'an 36:39)

urjoon عُرْجُون translation attempt: dried and curved raceme of a date palm tree.


6 (p,n). Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ till it reaches the point in time indicated by إِذَا in the shade of "when", along with its following statement indicating "what happens at this when" , on reaching which, what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ is discontinued.

i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by إِذَا in the shade of "when", along with its following statement indicating "what happens at this when" at which the matter ends.

[ till , until , to the point , to the extent , till the point , till the extent ]

وَٱبْتَلُواْ ٱلْيَتَـٰمَىٰ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا بَلَغُواْ ٱلنِّكَاحَ
and try the orphans till the point when they have reached the marriage...(Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 4:6)


7 (p,n). Continuation of what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ till it reaches the point in time indicated by إِذَا in the shade of "when", along with its following statement indicating "what happens at this when", on reaching which, what is mentioned before حَتَّىٰ still continues, it either just marks when some point or extent of it is reached, or marks a point or extent of it when something else also happens.


i.e. a matter followed by حَتَّىٰ followed by إِذَا in the shade of "when", along with its following statement indicating "what happens at this when" at which the matter reaches a certain extent or point.

[ till , until , to the point , to the extent , till the point , till the extent ]

وَإِن يَّرَوْاْ كُلَّ ءايَةٍ لَّا يُؤْمِنُوا بِهَا ۖ حَتَّىٰٓ إِذَا جَآءُوكَ يُجَـٰدِلُونَكَ
...and if they see every sign, they will not believe in it to the extent when they have come to you, they argue with you... (Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 6:25)


8 (n). In some books, its core meaning shade is mentioned as ending of utmost extent or انتهاء الغاية but as per usage, we can say that what comes after حَتَّىٰ gives the extent for what comes before حَتَّىٰ in the current context or from the angle of what the speaker says in this context, i.e. it is not necessary that what comes after حَتَّىٰ is the utmost extent of what comes before حَتَّىٰ . Then some books start labeling its meaning shades as being in the sense of إِلَىٰ or towards or إِلَىٰ أَنْ or towards that or كَىْ or so that and even إِلَّا أَنْ or except that, but I don't agree with this approach. Lets understand this with a simple example in English, suppose I say, "I will keep testing you till you succeed", you may say to me, no! your till means towards here as this testing is going towards success i.e. "I will keep testing you towards your success", or you may say, no! your till means so that here, i.e. "I will keep testing you so that you succeed", or you may say, no! your till means means except that here, i.e. "I will keep testing you except that you succeed". While I reply to you, I chose the word till here and how do you know better than even me what I had in my mind when I spoke till over any other possible word like towards, or so that?


To study this particle further in many other books read the related pages in
Arabic Particles Tool . Also to see other posts in Arabic Particles Meanings series.

References: When multiple references mentioned for a point, it means material selected from all quoted references more from some and less from others and all quoted references do not necessarily agree on everything. Material is not exactly copied but based on the reference quoted and I have made additions, editions & changes where required :
w = Wright Arabic Grammar English
h = Howell Arabic Grammar English
l = Lane's Lexicon
n = New indication by me
a = Arabic Almanac and Mawrid Reader books
p = Arabic Particles Tool books
p2 = Ma'ani un Nahw (AP Tool 2) .
m = Sharh of Miatu Amil .
f =  Fischer Arabic Grammar (its PDF can be downloaded from the link).
q = Qawaid Zaban e Qur'an Urdu .
s2 = The Subjunctive Mood in Arabic Grammmatical Thought by Arik Sadan .

Arabic has been typed using the free and detailed Arabic keyboard, latest live version of which is available at:
Online Arabic Keyboard to Type Arabic Directly using English Keyboard with 7 Arabic Web Fonts .

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بَلۡ بَلَىٰ كَ إِنۡ أَنۡ سَ سَوۡفَ أَ هَلۡ إِذۡ إِذَا إِذًا أَنَّىٰ لَـٰكِنۡ لَـٰكِنَّ