فَعِيل p.fa'eel.
فَعِل p.fa'il.
فَعْلَان p.fa'laan.
فَعُول p.fa'ool.
فَعَّال p.fa''aal.
Post 1st published on : 14th January 2021
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Post's relevant content last edited on : 17th January 2021.
All the credit and all the praises and all the thanks for whatever is good and beneficial in this post and all the other posts, tools, and projects are just for ALLAH, and whatever shortcoming or mistake there is in any of these is due to me, an ordinary slave of ALLAH! and I seek ALLAH's forgiveness and pardon for any shortcomings and mistakes in any of these.
فَعِيل
p.fa'eel.
1.0.
ى positioned in this pattern after فَعِ is apparently for possession or adherence of the trait and from this, arises continuousness and ongoingness.
Having possession or لُزُوم or : adherence / attachment / clinging : of the trait / quality / epithet : indicated by the root, or by the word or verb from the root
and from this possession or : adherence / attachment / clinging : arises the sense of : continuity / ongoingness / duration / constancy / permanence : (for the duration of adherence only, and this duration depends on : being / context : etc.)
and a sense of : connection / link / relevance / relation / relatedness : between the : trait / quality / epithet : and its possessor.
Depending on the being and the context, this continuous trait may be since the beginning or acquired later and may continue till existence or till some fixed time. The : trait / epithet / quality : is continuing at the time referred to, regardless of whether it was continuing in the past or whether it will continue to do so in the future. Moreover, the : trait / epithet / quality : is continuing but in many cases, it does not imply that the trait / epithet is being put to use continuously, without stop.
The possession or adherence of the : trait / quality / epithet : may be in:
1.1. A : Continuous / Non-Stop / Ever : Doer sense. Only used for ALLAH.
اَلرَّحِيم
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : The Ever and Continuously : Kindly Caring.
مَلِيك
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : Having Continuous and Non-stop : Ownership / Possession / Authority / Command : over everything.
اَلْعَلِيم
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : The Ever Knowing of : everything / every matter / all that is knowable etc.
1.2. A have done sense e.g.
بَدِيعُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : Eternal Originator of the heavens and the earth.
بَدِيع
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : having originated something. This is 1 time doing but the origination of this thing is possessed by and adheres to this originator. (Since in this root, there is a sense of uniqueness, in the sense that only one may be the doer of this action of origination and once done, this will be permanently linked to the originator and even if some other repeats the action, the fact that he has originated this will be permanent.)
1.3. A doer sense e.g.
عَلِيم
Translation attempt (for creation) : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : knowing (some thing or things or matters or issues etc., usually indicated by the context and the being).
رَحِيم
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : kindly caring.
Some relevant meanings for care provided on searching "define care" in google search:
(Noun) The provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something.
(Verb) Look after and provide for the needs of.
(Verb) Feel concern or interest; attach importance to something.
Note regarding choice of the word care. Care is the closest word in English, and with its definitions provided online i.e. level 2 of translation, it becomes even closer. I myself used mercy earlier, but while preparing this post, I decided to review the translation without any regard to other translations and translators. Mercy is limited to one who has the power to punish or harm and then shows mercy or limited to the one who shows it to the one who is in trouble or pain etc. For the place in the female body in which the developing baby is cared for, the word رَحِم is used and if any one word is to be used for the functions performed by it, care is the obvious choice.
1.4. Ever Deserving / Continuously having the action done for Him sense.
حَمِيد
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : Ever Deserving Appreciative Praise. Continuously deserving Appreciative Praise and also being Appreciatively Praised continuously.
1.5. A have become done sense.
حَنِيذ
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : having become roasted. (Once it has become roasted, it remains roasted).
1.6. A being sense.
بَعِيد
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : being distant / far with reference to something (usually indicated by context).
ثَقِيل
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : being weighty.
ضَعِيف
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : being weak
عَجِيب
Translation attempt : Possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : being : unusual / extraordinary / strange.
1.7. A collective sense, usually due to the nature of the root, requiring multiple beings or participants.
جَمِيع
Translation attempt : A collection of different things or parts of the same thing, possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : being together or having been considered or taken into account together, in some respect or context or action, and something being applicable on all that are part of this collection.
1.8. A status style or : on / off : style : action / stance / behavior / conduct : with the : quality / trait : adhering, for a time, due to the nature of such, of sticking to a status.
نَسِيء
Translation attempt : (action) possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : delaying (some matter for a timespan depending on context).
نَكِير
Translation attempt : (Stance / conduct) possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : refusing to recognize / acknowledge (someone or some matter).
1.9. Sometimes same word is used for multiple matters.
يَقِين
Translation attempt : (a matter e.g. belief / happening / news / statement etc.) possessing the adhering : quality / trait : of : being : certain.
فَعِل
p.fa'il.
2.0.
The : being / thing / noun / group / done act :
being in a state of having
or having an active / operative : quality / trait / feature : indicated by or related to : the root or a noun or a verb from the same root
and depending on root and being and context, it can mean various things like state / condition / quality / trait / status / position / role / state of mind / mood / emotion / temper / color / ease or difficulty : etc.
The duration of the state or active role depends on the being and the root and the context etc. and differs accordingly.
We may also understand فَعِل as a noun while in a state of doing the verb فَعِلَ or active in the verb فَعِلَ
Following are some use cases of فَعِل
2.1. Someone / something : while being in a state of having the : trait / quality : indicated by the root, or a word or a verb from the same root : active / activated / operational.
أَسِف
Translation attempt : (Someone) in a state of having the active : quality / trait : of refusing to : let go / come to terms with / become reconciled to : something that has happened or something that is not happening. (Refusing to let go, may then also lead to reaction etc.)
كَذِب
Translation attempt : Something (e.g. statement / assertion / blood etc.) having the state of being false i.e. not : in accordance with / fitting with : truth / reality / fact : and not having : consistency / agreement : between what it is stated or asserted and what reality actually is (what is the fact of the matter or what is actually the case), e.g. saying something that does not match what the reality actually is.
Or between what is actually : known / understood : by the asserter and what he asserts actually to someone else or others, e.g. putting fake blood on shirt and presenting it as actual blood of someone.
2.2. Someone while being in a state of having a : stand / stance / position / opinion: indicated by the root, or a word or a verb from the same root.
خَصِم
Translation attempt: Someone while being in a state of having a : stand / stance / opinion / view : on some issue that goes against or does not agree with 1 or more alternate : stands / stances / opinions / views.
2.3. Something / some area / some collection of things : while being of specific color indicated by the root or a word from the same root.
خَضِر
Translation attempt : something / some area / some ground / collection of plants : etc. while being green.
2.4. A part or sub-part of the body in a state of having some : role / function : indicated by the root or a word from the same root.
عَقِب
Translation attempt : Heel. A part of the foot in a state of : coming after the remaining parts / being the back end : of the foot.
رَحِم
Translation attempt : Womb. The part of the female body in a state of having the : role / function : of being the place for provision of kind care for the unborn baby.
2.5. Something in a state of having some : status / worth / significance / importance : indicated by the root or a word from the same root, actually in reality or in the sight of the beholder only or both.
لَعِب
Translation attempt: Something actually or only in the estimation of the beholder or both, as being : undeserving of being given : significance / importance / time / serious attention etc.
2.6. Someone or something in a state of having some : status / position / role : indicated by the root or by a word or verb from the same root.
اَلْمَلِك
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : The Being Who is Actively and Continuously : Owning / Possessing / Commanding : everything.
مَلِك
Translation attempt : Someone in a state of having the : status / position / role : of having : authority / command : over something, usually a geographical area along with its residents or a community or group e.g. king of a country , governor of a district, commander of a battalion etc.
2.7. Someone in a state of having a : character / trait / personality : feature : indicated by the root or by a word or verb from the same root.
فَظّ
Apparently, originally form of this word is فَظِظ as also indicated in التفسير البسيط
Translation attempt : Stern. Someone having a stern : personality / character.
2.8. Sometimes also used for a collection of beings or a group, in a state of having a collective : role / function : to be performed by : mode of / means of : what is indicated by the root or by a word or verb from the same root.
رَجِل
Translation attempt : A group or collection or body of men in a state of having a collective : role / function / duty (usually fatal : combat / fighting) : to be performed in on-foot mode, when the need arises or when ordered to do so.
Infantry / foot soldiers. (Infantry is an army specialization whose personnel engage in military combat on foot, distinguished from cavalry, artillery and armored forces.
Note: the terms infantry and cavalry are still used today, though some functions are allocated to other divisions like armored division, artillery etc.).
فَعْلَان
p.fa'laan.
3.0.
The epithet or such style words from this pattern appear to be made by taking فَعِل and suffixing ان with them and then dropping kasra from عِ resulting in عْ i.e from فَعِل to فَعِلَان to فَعْلَان
ان suffix is used in various patterns and its basic meaning appears to be : to such a level (high / deep / much : etc.) that what is indicated by the remaining part of the word is : ascertained / ensured / verified : etc. by : manifestations / signs / symptoms / feelers / effects / affectees : etc.
We may also consider it as : internal state + external impact, in a sense of dual scope.
Note that ان is also used as a suffix for making dual from singular. In that case, it is used for indicating 2 of that what is indicated by the remaining part of the word.
Coming back to فَعْلَان
The : being / thing / noun :
being in a state of having
or having an active / operative : quality / trait / feature : indicated by or related to : the root or a noun or a verb from the same root
to such a level (high / deep / much / (overflowing) : etc.) that it is : ascertained / ensured / verified : etc. by : manifestations / signs / symptoms / feelers / effects / affectees / actions / happenings : etc.
اَلرَّحْمَان
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : The Being Who is : Actively / Continuously : Kindly Caring so much that His Kind Caring is : ascertained / ensured / verified : by : happenings and : manifestations / signs / symptoms / feelers / effects / affectees etc. : of His Kind Care.
ظَمْـَٔان ظَمْـَٔان also written ظَمْآن ظَمْآن
(Word written in multiple styles above as I suspect some mobile browsers may not display the word properly)
Translation attempt : Someone being in a state of thirst to such a level that his thirst is : ascertained / ensured / verified : e.g. by his actions of vehemently searching for water, shifting all his focus to searching water, running after mirages in hope of finding water there, his lips and skin becoming parched etc.
غَضْبَان
Translation attempt : Someone being in a state of anger to such a level that his anger is : ascertained / ensured / verified : e.g. by criticizing the action of and scolding the ones who made him angry, dropping or throwing something he is holding, by taking hold of someone's head or collar, by frowning and making an angry face etc.
شَيْطَان
Translation attempt : A being in a state of burning with : envy / jealousy / hatred / anger / urge to be superior or better : to such a level that his : envy / jealousy / hatred / anger / urge to be superior or better : is ascertained / ensured / verified : by his conduct derived from his willing to incur : losses / harm : for himself : just to incur losses / harm etc. to the one or ones he : envies / hates / is jealous of / is angry at / considers as his competition etc.
فَعُول
p.fa'ool.
4.0.
و positioned in this pattern after فَعُ is apparently for indicating a : being / substantive / noun : etc. for the : trait / quality / function : etc. and from this, arises the sense of aptness of the : being / substantive / noun : in the : trait / quality / function : and from this aptness, arises the sense of : usage / utilization / engagement / involvement / display : of the : trait / quality / function : without fail and without any lapse and without anything that is inconsistent with or against it : whenever and for whichever duration and for whichever use cases, the situation or context is suitable for the being for its : usage / utilization / engagement / involvement / display. Moreover, this also differs depending on the being and the : situation / context.
A : being / thing / substantive / noun / action : for the : trait / quality / function or a : being / thing / substantive / noun / action : apt : in the : trait / quality / function : indicated by the root of the word, or by the verb or word from the same root,
such that the : trait / quality / function : is used / utilized / engaged / involved / displayed : without fail and without any lapse and without anything that is inconsistent with or against it : whenever and for whichever duration and for whichever use cases, the situation or context is suitable for the being for its : usage / utilization / engagement / involvement / display. Moreover, this also differs depending on the being and the context.
This aptness differs from being to being and context to context. It also depends on the capacity of the being.
When we call something pure, it means impurity or any lapse of purity cannot be expected in it. When we call someone an enemy of someone, not showing enmity towards him, cannot be expected from this enemy. When we call something fuel for something, not being burned cannot be expected from the fuel as long as it is in contact with the thing suitable for consuming it.
Sometimes, it is activatable by a certain action or matter or on meeting of some condition. Note that in such cases, the being becomes فَعُول when the required condition is met, and is usually not فَعُول otherwise. So, it is not possible that a being is فَعُول and not a being or apt being for the : trait / quality / function.
إِذَا مَسَّهُ ٱلشَّرُّ جَزُوعًا
When شَرّ has touched him جَزُوعًا (Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 70:20)
Condition for activation is: شَرّ touching the human (as a specific : type / genus / species : as a whole. This is different from saying all members of this type. e.g. to say the species called man is hasty, and to say all men are hasty, is different.).
شَرّ translation attempt : Bad (relevant meaning shade for this context) : Not such as to be hoped for or desired; unpleasant, unfavorable or unwelcome etc.
جَزُوعًا
Translation attempt : A being while being lacking of : steadiness / patience etc.
Sometimes, it is corresponding to a particular being or thing etc. or even just something concerning the being or thing etc., e.g. enemy for so and so only. Note that in such cases, the being is فَعُول for the particular being or thing, and is not necessarily فَعُول otherwise. So, it is not possible that a being is فَعُول and not a being or apt being for the : trait / quality / function.
كَانَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنُ لِلْإِنْسَـٰنِ خَذُولًا
The shaytaan happened to be for the human, a being of : desertion / abandonment. (Translation attempt for Words from The Qur'an 25:29)
خَذُول
Translation attempt : A being of : desertion / abandonment : (for : someone / something : indicated by context). A being who never fails : to abandon / desert : (someone or some type indicated by context) : whenever a situation arises where he can : support / assist / help : etc.
The English word harmful easily explains the concept. Harmful can be explained as "being / thing : of / for : harm". It means, a thing that will not fail to harm when the requirements for it to cause harm e.g. touching it, are fulfilled. While translating in English, depending on the corresponding word, suffixes like "ful", "some", "ious", "eous" etc. may be used. Sometimes a thing becomes harmful when some condition is met, and sometimes a thing is harmful for some things and not harmful for others. Sometimes a thing is harmful for some part of a thing and not harmful for other parts.
Aptness of this : trait / quality / function : in a being can be in a:
4.1. Being (intransitive) sense.
جَزُوع
Translation attempt : A being lacking of : steadiness / patience etc.
4.2. Doer / Agent : (transitive) sense.
شَكُور
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : One Who Gives due : worth / value / regard / recognition : whenever someone deserves such : and : also recompenses / rewards : the deserving ones : even more than the : worth / value : of their deeds.
شَكُور
Translation attempt : one who feels : value / worth : of someone's favor, then has a feeling of gratefulness / thankfulness, and then acknowledges / appreciates : verbally (by saying words of thanks) / practically (by keeping the favor in regard in his dealings concerning the one who favored him).
Note: The above example is an instance that along with the meaning of the word, the being and the context are also important in translation.
خَذُول
Translation attempt : A being of : desertion / abandonment : (for : someone / something : indicated by context). A being who never fails : to abandon / desert : (someone or some type indicated by context) : whenever a situation arises where he can : support / assist / help : etc.
4.3. Object sense.
ذَلُول
Translation attempt : A : being / thing : free from : resistance / opposition / hostility : towards someone or something (indicated by context) : without asserting itself or putting up any kind of challenge.
4.4. Function sense.
وَقُود
Translation attempt : A : thing / material / being : being dedicated burning material for something, being : afire / aflame / ablaze / burning : etc. in it.
4.5. Material sense.
طَهُور
Translation attempt : (some material e.g. water or drink) being fully clean without any lapse of cleanliness in any part of it. (Material of cleanliness, though due to lack of such usage in English, fully clean conveys the sense better).
4.6. Act / action / deed : sense.
نَصُوح
Translation attempt : Fully : sincere / genuine / uncontaminated / unfeigned : without any : lapse / shortcoming / exception : in being : sincere / genuine / uncontaminated / unfeigned.
قَبُول
Translation attempt : The doing / act : of fully accepting without any exceptions and without having any reservations (by an acceptor of what is accepted by him as indicated by context).
4.7. Consequence / Effect : sense.
ذَنُوب
Translation attempt : Following / attached / due : unavoidable / inevitable : effect / consequence / tail / (punishment) : (for wrongdoing etc.)
Note for some examples, multiple senses are applicable at the same time, though a separate example is quoted for each point.
Before ending notes on this pattern, here is a brief quote from Dealing with extremities, just for considering this pattern from another angle also.
"This form is originally used to refer to concrete nouns that are used to carry out other things, such as the wadoo' وَضوء is the water used to carry out the ablution, and the waqood وَقود is the wood used to light fires, and the fatoor فَطور is the food used to break one's fast. This form was then extended to be used as a form of intensification, and thus it connotes a characteristic in a person that is concrete within him, as though he is a source and basis of that thing. For example, to call someone saboor صَبور is as if to say that their patience (sabr) represents a type of commodity or fuel within them, their driving force, their motivations, and their drive - i.e. the person in their entirety symbolises and exemplifies patience."
Quote ended above.
In the above quote, the author quotes a few examples and then makes a distinction between some words and others, perhaps considering 2 different kinds of words for the same pattern, 1 in its original form and the other as an extended intensive form. This is the author's approach and many others have a similar approach.
My approach is a little different. I have sought to show that the pattern has a meaning shade under which all or most of the examples can fit and have tried to make a comprehensive definition keeping consistency in view. I tried to look at all the words used in The Qur'an from this pattern and then finalized the definition I wrote.
In my opinion, it is not the point to start from calling a pattern a pattern of intensity or exaggeration and then look for reasons, or ways to call a pattern a pattern of exaggeration or intensity, we have to look at all the relevant examples and seek a meaning shade that fits all or most of the examples well. If we find the kind of intensity or exaggerration we feel, or have heard from some scholars or have read in the books to be found consistently, in a sizeable percentage of the words, good enough, but if we don't find the proof or consistency for the kind of intensity we may have had in our minds, then it is better to change our view and give preference to the evidences and usage over opinions and views.
فَعَّال
p.fa''aal.
5.0.
The doubled عَّ positioned in this pattern after فَ is apparently for indicating : multi-action (multiple actions in parallel / time after time / together as 1 intensified action / sub-actions of the same intense action / having multiple objects or multiple points or levels of impact on same object etc.) for the act, or related to the noun, indicated by the root for the same word. The ا coming after عَّ may be for maturity / completeness / attainment / (high level) etc. and combined effect of عَّا in فَعَّال appears to be, the being, being mature in the action due to doing or having tendency to do multi-action (and multiplied can indicate intensity or abundance or frequency or iterative accomplishment or multiple : points / objects : of impact or any subset of these).
The : being / thing : being mature and thus : habitual / accustomed / proficient : in the action indicated by the root or a verb from the root or an action related to a noun from the same root:
due to : accustomation / habit : of doing or having : maturity / high level : in the : tendency / capability / inclination : to do multi-action indicated by the root or a verb from the root or an action related to a noun from the same root
and multi-action can indicate any subset of the following depending on the being and the context:
5.1. Action done multiple times.
5.2. Action done time after time, i.e. frequently / repetitively / habitually.
5.3. Action done on a wide range of objects or multiple types of objects or multiple objects.
5.4. Action done in parallel on multiple : points / levels / angles / aspects / directions : on the object i.e. intensely / severely / strongly.
5.5. Action done in parallel from multiple means of the agent i.e. intensely / severely / strongly.
5.6. Action done on the same object multiple times (usually in quick succession or continuously or in parallel or as combined multi-action) to make the object more and more effected by the action or become permanently impacted or changed due to the action or compliant to the action.
5.7. Multiple actions combined into a : strengthened / intensified / powerful / high impact / reinforced / vigorous / thorough : action.
The being / thing can have this tendency : generally / universally : or for a particular : object / type of objects / selection of objects : etc.
Some examples follow below with brief references to valid points mentioned above, though multiple points may be valid at the same time and for some cases the some other point may also be valid.
عَلَّام
Translation attempt (for ALLAH) : One Who Knows everything and all the details and the depths and the scopes etc., even the thoughts and the subconscious and the internal whisperings etc., for the entire existence of everything. There is nothing at all, that is not Known by ALLAH Perfectly.
Apparently, most relevant points for this example are 5.3. multiple objects and 5.4. multiple points on same object.
ثَجَّاج
Translation attempt : Abundantly downpouring (water) (a heavy rain / cloudburst / torrential rain etc.). Water pouring down from multiple points in parallel, and again and again from the same points, and hitting multiple objects and parts of an object in parallel
Apparently, this example fits all the points mentioned above.
سَمَّاع
Translation attempt : A habitual listener (of something or to someone). One who listens time after time, again and again (something or to someone)
Apparently, most relevant point for this example is 5.2. time after time.
دَيَّار
Translation attempt : An inhabitant / resident (of a place). One who frequently / habitually / regularly / time after time : resides / dwells in a دَار or residence etc.
Apparently, most relevant point for this example is 5.2. time after time.
References:
Qur'an Concordance Research specially Qur'an Patterns Concordance and Qur'an Roots Linker (and within it, specially the book TQ)
In addition to the above, Patterns research by others section books available via the above link were also studied, along with some other research papers and material from the internet. The aim was to make an attempt to derive meaning shades based on the actual Qur'anic usage as much as possible and to try to avoid words from these patterns which were not used in The Qur'an. Some posts in this series may require consulting some non-Qur'anic words also i.e. the patterns for which very few words from a pattern have been used in The Qur'an.
Arabic has been typed using the free and detailed Arabic keyboard, latest live version of which is available at:
Online Arabic Keyboard to Type Arabic Directly using English Keyboard with 7 Arabic Web Fonts .
Background for this post:
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Started on = 27th September 2020.
1st published on = 14th January 2021.
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فَعۡل فُعۡل فِعۡل فَعَل فُعُل فَعَال فِعَال فَعُل فُعُول فُعَل فِعَل فِعِل